Monkeypox Virus is not a Neglected Tropical Disease
Understanding Monkeypox: An Overview
- Introduction
Monkeypox is a rare viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, the same family as smallpox. It was first identified in monkeys in 1958 and recognized in humans in 1970. The disease is endemic in parts of Central and West Africa but has seen increased global attention recently.
Monkeypox is not classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). While it is a viral infection that can occur in tropical regions, NTDs are typically identified as a group of diseases that primarily affect impoverished populations in tropical and subtropical areas and are often overlooked in global health agendas. Monkeypox is more broadly recognized as a zoonotic disease and has gained attention due to outbreaks outside its endemic regions.
- Transmission and Spread
Source: Monkeypox is primarily transmitted from animals to humans. It is believed that rodents are the primary reservoir.
Human-to-Human Transmission: It can spread through direct contact with bodily fluids, skin lesions, or respiratory droplets from an infected person. Contaminated surfaces and objects can also pose a risk.
- Symptoms
Monkeypox presents with a range of symptoms similar to smallpox but generally milder. Key symptoms include:
Incubation Period: Typically, 7-14 days post-exposure.
Initial Symptoms: Fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and exhaustion.
Rash Development: After a few days of fever, a rash develops, often starting on the face and spreading to other parts of the body. The rash progresses through several stages: macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabs.
- Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and can be confirmed through laboratory tests such as:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Tests: Detect the virus’s genetic material.
Serology: Detects antibodies against the virus.
- Treatment and Management
Supportive Care: Includes hydration, pain relief, and management of symptoms. There is no specific antiviral treatment for monkeypox.
Vaccination: The smallpox vaccine has been shown to provide protection against monkeypox. In some cases, post-exposure vaccination may be recommended.
- Prevention
Avoid Contact: Reduce exposure to animals in endemic regions and avoid contact with individuals who have symptoms.
Personal Hygiene: Regular handwashing and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers.
Isolation: Infected individuals should be isolated to prevent spread.
- Future Outlook
Ongoing research aims to improve vaccines, treatments, and understanding of the virus’s transmission dynamics. Continued vigilance and preparedness are crucial to managing and preventing outbreaks.
From: Paul S. Dangha. BSc microbiology, PT (ASCP), MLT (AMT)University of Arkansas medical sciences (UAMS) America.
